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John Augustus "Josh" Hartwell (September 27, 1869 – November 30, 1940) was an American football player and coach, military officer, and physician. Hartwell attended Yale University, where he played end for Walter Camp's Bulldogs football team from 1888 to 1891. In 1891, Hartwell was named an All-American for a season in which Yale was unbeaten, untied, unscored against, and later recognized as a national champion by a number of selectors. Hartwell graduated from Yale in 1892, holding both PhD and MD degrees, and began a career as a surgeon in New York City. He also continued with football as a coach. He served as the head football coach at Lehigh University in 1892, the United States Naval Academy in 1893, New York University in 1894, and at his alma mater in 1895, compiling a career college football coaching record of 21–12–2. Hartwell's 1895 Yale squad went 13–0–2 and was later recognized as a national champion by Parke H. Davis. In 1918, Hartwell was commissioned a major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, with which he served in France during World War I. From 1910 until his retirement in 1938, he was a professor of clinical surgery at Cornell University Medical College. Hartwell was a pioneer of thoracic surgery and an early champion of safe and effective contraception. He was a well-known outdoorsman throughout his life and a friend and caregiver to Theodore Roosevelt. ==Early life and college== Hartwell was born on September 27, 1869 in Deckertown, Sussex County, New Jersey to Samuel Slawson Hartwell, an 1859 graduate of Yale University, and Mary Clarinda (Stiles) Hartwell.〔Laist (1982), p. 4〕〔Cornell University Faculty (2013) p. 1〕 John was one of four children born to the couple. The elder Hartwell served as headmaster for a private school, allowing for an easy education to be provided to the family. However, when John was twelve, his mother died, and his father followed he a year later. Other members of the "closely knit family" came and helped the four children, converting the school building into a boarding house. The house provided the family with enough money to live on, and continued to provide education to the children. While in secondary school, John began playing sports and developed a wish to enter the medical field.〔AATS (2014)〕〔''Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine'' (1941), p. 159〕 In 1885, Hartwell entered biology classes at Yale University, majoring in biology. In order to cover the cost of schooling, Hartwell took up a number of jobs; among them were participating in athletic tests and coaching sports teams during his vacation periods.〔〔 Hartwell also joined the freshman class's crew team. He was presented with prizes for the awards for ''Excellence in all the Studies of Freshman Year'' and ''Excellence in Physics'', as well as being named a member of The Colony and Berzelius club.〔〔Sheffield Scientific School (1889), p. 18〕 Hartwell was relatively quiet his sophomore year, quitting the class crew team. However, he was still very competitive in his studies.〔 The following year, Hartwell rejoined the class crew team and was elected as the junior class president, while continuing to study biology.〔〔 In his senior year, John Hartwell was elected as the second vice president of the school Y.M.C.A. and received an honorable mention for the Belknap Natural History Prize. He became the starting right end of the Bulldogs football team. The team went 16–1, losing the last game of the season, against Princeton, which Hartwell was not able to play in after suffering a sprained wrist and an injured leg in the rivalry match against Harvard,〔''The Sun'' (1889), p. 4〕〔Sports-Reference 1889 Yale Team〕 He was also a starting member of the university crew team, before graduating and earning a Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B.).〔〔 Immediately afterwards he joined the university's staff and became the assistant for Professor Russell Henry Chittenden, helping to teach physiological chemistry.〔〔 During that time, he was a graduate student at the Sheffield Scientific School and continued participating on the crew and football teams while teaching.〔 After one year at the school, John Hartwell left, quit teaching, and entered Yale Medical School as a graduate student. Hartwell was elected as the captain of the crew team, and was moved back as the starting right end of the football team. The team shutout all 13 of their opponents, ten of which were major football schools.〔Sports-Reference 1891 Yale Team〕 Although he was taken out of a game against the Crescent Athletic Club for being "out of practice",〔''The Sun'' (1891), p. 5〕 Hartwell helped out with the team's captain's responsibilities and was named as a consensus member of that year's All-American Team.〔''The Pittsburgh Dispatch'' (1891), p. 8〕〔Sports-Reference 1891 Summary〕 Hartwell finished his college career in 1892, having led the crew team to three consecutive victories, from 1888 to 1890, while maintaining his spot as team captain and bow rower No. 6.〔''The Sun'' (1892), p. 3〕〔''The Pittsburgh Dispatch'' (1892), p. 21〕 Hartwell was a well-known member of the football team for four years, where he earned his nickname of old "Josh" Hartwell.〔 That year he graduated from medical school, finishing at the top of the class and earning his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree ''cum laude''.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John A. 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